Methods of energy conservation for IJ include dehydration or desiccation ( Georgis et al., 1995 Strauch et al., 2000 Divya et al., 2011 Hussein and Abdel-Aty, 2012) and maintenance at low temperatures to improve EPN-based biopesticide shelf life ( Westerman, 1992 Patel et al., 1997 Patel and Wright, 1997 Strauch et al., 2000 Goud et al., 2010 Andalo et al., 2011 Gulcu and Hazir, 2012). At elevated temperatures, nematode physiological activity is high, increasing the consumption of stored energy, and resulting in limited shelf life ( Andalo et al., 2011). However, their short shelf life at room temperature is a major factor limiting EPN from reaching their full potential as biopesticides ( Grewal, 2002). Therefore, minimizing IJ mortality during storage prolongs shelf life and enables easier transportation of the product prior to application. The IJ is the nonfeeding stage and relies solely on energy reserves for survival and infectivity and is the stage used as a biopesticide. This is because of their ease of culture, high virulence, and environmental compatibility ( Grewal, 2002). Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) belonging to the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis have been successfully used over decades as biocontrol agents for the management of key agricultural pests.
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